CHEMISTRY CLASS 2

In this module, students will learn to gain a comprehension of the following concepts, basic chemistry concepts and physics concepts:

• The significance of coefficients in a balanced equation, molar ratios, mole-mole calculations, mass-mass calculations and other stoichiometric calculations. 

• To solve Limiting Reactant stoichiometry problems as well as how to determine the excess reactant.

• The difference and the basic principles between actual, theoretical and percent yields with examples of how to calculate theoretical and percent yields.

• The concepts of solutions and solubility. The chemical structure of water, and why water is so important for life. 

• How and why water acts as a wonderful solvent and provides a medium for metabolism. 

• The various factors that affect how well a solid-liquid solute dissolves, including Particle Size, Temperature, Agitation and the Chemical Nature of the solute, particularly polarity (Like dissolves like.) 

• To interpret solubility curves and read solubility curves. 

• To identify and understand saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. 

• Colligative properties, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation. 

• The relationship between amount of solute and degree of freezing point depression-boiling point elevation.

• The general properties of acids and bases. Including the Arrhenius definitions for acids and bases. Bronsted and Lowry’s theory of acids and bases. 

• To distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases in terms of the extent of dissociation, reaction with water and electrical conductivity. 

• The pH scale and to consider the effects of acid deposition on limestone buildings and living things. To understand the nature of a strong acid and a strong base. To solve acid-base titration math problems.

• The nature of gases as related to Chemistry studies. 

• The assumptions behind the Kinetic Molecular Theory and some general properties of gases from a molecular perspective. Avogadro’s Law, Boyle’s Law, Lussac’s Law and Charles’ law. 

• Understanding how the ideal gas equation allows one to find the pressure, volume, temperature and/or number of moles in a certain situation.

• To measure and consider the rate of a reaction. 

• The connection between concentration and reaction rate in terms of the Law of Mass Action and Rate Laws. 

• The equilibrium constant (K,) and how it can be calculated in various reversible reactions. Le Chatelier’s Principle and how it predicts changes in concentration when “stressing” reactions at equilibrium.

• Nuclear and atomic structure and stability, radioactive decay, and nuclear energy. As well as, the biological effects of radiation as well as technology related to energy, medicine, geology, and other areas.

• Organic chemistry – why the element carbon results in such a variety of compounds, how those compounds are classified, and the role of organic compounds in biology and industry.